PHYSIOLOGY

Healthy tissues, including the gums and oral mucosa, depend on cells that stick together, communicate, and form protective barriers. This teamwork happens through specialized structures known as cell junctions. Without these structures, tissues would simply fall apart, fluids would leak uncontrollably, and cells would lose the ability to “talk” to their neighbors. In this article,…

Every living organism, whether a single bacterium or a complex human body, is built from a basic unit called the cell. This microscopic structure carries out all the chemical and physical activities needed for life, and therefore it is often described as the smallest functional unit of living matter. In physiology, understanding cell is essential,…